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- Interrupts
- ----------
-
-
- What is an IRQ?
- ---------------
-
- IRQ is an abbreviation for Interrupt Request.
-
- What is an Interrupt?
-
- There are basically two ways the Central Processing Unit
- (CPU) of your computer can talk to peripheral devices such
- as printers and serial ports.
-
- 1. Polled - CPU constantly asks about the status.
-
- 2. Interrupts - Device interrupts CPU when it needs attention.
-
- With polled operation, the CPU is constantly asking all the
- devices:
-
- "Serial port, do you have anything for me?"
- "Printer port, are you ready for another character?"
- "Keyboard, was a key pressed?"
- "Floppy drive, did you find that sector yet?
-
- This wastes a lot of time because the answer is usually the
- same: "I don't have anything for you now, CPU."
-
- The alternative is for the device to "interrupt" the CPU when
- it needs attention. The CPU stops what it is doing, remembers
- where it was, does something for the I/O device, and goes back
- to what it was doing. Much like answering the telephone. You
- don't constantly pick it up to see if anyone is there. When it
- rings you answer it, transfer some information, and generally
- go back to what you were doing before it rang.
-
- The original IBM PC had the ability to use 8 different
- interrupts:
-
- IRQ Standard Usage
- --- --------------
- 0 Timer
- 1 Keyboard
- 2 Video display
- 3 Serial port 2
- 4 Serial port 1
- 5 Printer port 2
- 6 Floppy disk controller
- 7 Printer port
-
- When the IBM PC/AT was introduced, additional interrupts were
- made available:
-
- IRQ Standard Usage
- --- --------------
- 8 Real-time clock
- 9 Replaced IRQ 2
- 10 spare
- 11 spare
- 12 spare
- 13 Numeric Coprocessor
- 14 Hard disk controller
- 15 spare
-
-
- Ten of these are available from the expansion slots, others
- can be used only by devices on the mother board.
-
- Clearly the hardware and software configuration must agree.
- If a serial port generates IRQ 4 but the software thinks
- IRQ 4 means the printer is ready for another character,
- the system won't work properly.
-
- The design of the old standard ISA bus does not allow two
- different devices to share the same interrupt.
-
-
- IRQ Selection
- -------------
-
- Rather than sitting there, contstantly asking whether the
- audio input line has changed, this program uses interrupts
- to be notified when an audio zero crossing has occurred.
-
- Each serial port is assigned a particular interrupt. As
- tabluated above, COM1 will normally use IRQ 4 and COM2 will
- use IRQ 3. When using one of these, in a standard
- configuration, all you have to do is:
- - Display the "Setup" menu.
- - Pick the "SSTV Interface" item.
- - Choose COM1 or COM2.
-
- COM3 and COM4 can be a little more confusing. As shown above,
- COM3 and COM4 originally used the same interrupts as COM1 and
- COM2. This meant that the devices sharing an interrupt could
- not be used at the same time. More modern serial port cards
- give you a choice of other interrupts. For example, my
- COM3 uses IRQ 11 and COM4 uses IRQ 12. There is no standard
- assignment in this case, and every machine will be different.
-
- In the case of COM3 and COM4, you will also have to pick the
- "Interrupt" item from the "Setup" menu and choose the interrupt
- used by the serial port.
-
-